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34. Arduino Based Piano

Hey Everyone!
Today I am going to teach you how to make an Arduino based Piano. I missed playing my piano back home and it has been 2 years since I played it, so I thought of making one with Arduino! Even though it may not look or sound like an actual piano, it does seem to make music. 

Supplies

  • Arduino Uno
  • USB Type A/ B cable (for Arduino Uno)
  • Solderless Breadboard - Full
  • Passive Buzzer Module (KY-006)
  • Push-buttons (x13)
  • Male-to-Male Jumper wires (x16) - 30 cm
  • Jumpers (x15) - To reduce the usage of wires

Setup



Carefully place the buttons on the breadboard. There must be a spacing of one hole between each push-buttons. Due to lack of Digital I/O ports in my Arduino Uno, I have only used keys from C (fourth octave) to F(fifth octave). I have also included F sharp (or G flat) and A sharp (or B flat) in my piano by using two different coloured push-buttons. I have not used the Analog I/O ports because turning on a pullup will affect the values reported by the analogRead( ).

Connections

All push-buttons should be connected to Ground (GND).

Push-buttons

Fourth Octave
  • C - D0
  • D - D1
  • E - D2
  • F - D3
  • F# - D4
  • G - D5
  • A - D6
  • A# - D7
  • B - D8
Fifth Octave
  • C - D10
  • D - D11
  • E - D12
  • F - D13

Passive Buzzer Module (KY-006)

  • (+) - 5V
  • (-) - Ground (GND)
  • S - D9

Coding

First of all, create global variables for your push-buttons and your buzzer. Within the void setup( ), call pinMode( ) to configure each of your components' pins as INPUT or OUTPUT. If you have not connected your push-buttons to a 1 kΩ resistor, declare the pins as INPUT_PULLUP. As mentioned in Arduino's tutorial, pressing the push-button will send a LOW signal when its pin is configured as INPUT_PULLUP. Declare the pin of Passive buzzer as OUTPUT because it is a transducer (a component that converts electrical energy into light, heat or sound). 
Remember that the push-button is a momentary switch and will only complete the circuit when pressed. If it's released, the circuit will have a gap again. In this case, we will not be debouncing our push-buttons because if you remember quite well, a piano only produces sound when a key is pressed. The keys and momentary switch almost work in the same way, except for the strings that are hammered in the piano when a key is pressed. 
Therefore, within the void loop( ), you will be using if( ) and else if( ) to make your piano work. Please refer to this website to get the frequencies of each piano note. Round the values to the nearest whole number before using tone( ) to produce sounds from your passive buzzer. The duration of the sound produced by the buzzer once I press a push-button is 30 milliseconds. You can shorten this duration according to your preferences. For example, if the music is fast, you must shorten the duration as the tone( ) function only works for one pin at a time.
Here is an example of code:
void loop( ){
if ((digitalRead(C4))==LOW){
tone(Buzzer, 262, 30);
}else if ((digitalRead(D4)==LOW){
tone(Buzzer, 294, 30);
}
...
}
*NOTE: This project is subject to copyright (All rights reserved). Re-publishing this exact project is prohibited.
If you have any questions with the coding, please feel free to comment below or send an email to arduinoprojectsbyr@gmail.com and I will definitely help you out.

Final Look

If anyone has questions, or suggestions, about this project, please feel free to comment below or send an email to arduinoprojectsbyr@gmail.com.

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